The Islamic State (Isis) has begun to incorporate artificial intelligence into its recruitment strategies, reflecting a continuation of its historical use of modern communication methods. During its peak in 2014 and 2015, Isis effectively utilized platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube to disseminate propaganda, including graphic videos of executions that drew international attention and recruits from various regions.

Although the self-declared caliphate was dismantled by US-led coalition forces in 2019, Isis has not been entirely eradicated. It has maintained a presence in Syria and Iraq, often referred to as a 'ghost caliphate,' supported by networks of fighters, weapons, and local tribal relationships. Areas such as the Karachok mountain chain in Iraq and the impoverished Deir al Zur province in Syria have served as operational bases for the group.

In the al-Hol and Roj camps in Syria, which house displaced individuals and families of Isis fighters, a new generation is reportedly being indoctrinated. The camps, overseen by the US-aligned Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), have been criticized for their inadequate resources, allowing Isis to exert control within the camps and maintain its own system of governance, including executing its own form of justice.

The recent collapse of the Assad regime has created a security vacuum in Syria, particularly outside the areas controlled by the SDF. This has allowed Isis to regroup, with estimates suggesting it has around 2,500 fighters in the region. The group has increased its attacks and is reportedly stockpiling weapons in unsecured areas, particularly in impoverished tribal regions where it has historically found support.

The ideological appeal of Isis persists, particularly among young people in the Islamic world, as evidenced by the group's celebration of recent events in Syria and its connections to other Sunni jihadist groups like Hayat Tahrir al Sham (HTS). Despite past conflicts, there are indications of shared roots and potential collaboration between these groups.

Isis's resurgence is not limited to the Middle East; its affiliates have conducted operations in other regions, including Europe. The need for vigilant security measures and coherent political strategies is emphasized as critical in addressing the challenges posed by the re-emerging threat of Isis.